Part I. Catholic Italy

• Clergy absorbed 1/3 of Italy's revenue
• Italian inquisition relatively tame
• weakening papacy; in face of strengthening nationalism

Part II. Italian Art

• Salvator Rosa, Luca Giordano, Francesco Solimena

Part III. The Christine Odyssey

• Christina, queen of Sweden, rejected Protestant faith despiter father dying for it. She was a popular character throughout Europe. Highly educated. Symbol of Catholicism over Protestant faith.

Part IV. From Monteverdi to Scarlatti

• 1709 - Bartolommeu Cristofori build first piano
• violen making a major art of Italy
• Opera popular – Alessandro Scarlatti

Part V. Portugal (1640 - 1700)

• 1640 - 1660 War to defend independence from Spain –> Treaty of Lisbon
• Catherine of Braganza sent to London as bride to Charles II –> alliance with England
• Gold from Americas was spent instead of invested, harming industry
• Authors: Francisco Manuel de Melo, Antonio Viera

Part VI: Collapse of Spain (1665 - 1700)

• Naval losses to England (1558), Dutch (1639); lost battles –> Peace of Pyrenees a big win for France
• American gold simply passed through Spain over to industrialized countries

Spain was dying of gold

• terrible inquisition
• art also deteriorated
• education decayed, inquisition prohibited many books
• widespread poverty